Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay -- Technology Literature Essa

At the point when we consider innovation, what frequently rings a bell are TVs, specialized gadgets, for example, phones and satellites, PCs, and various methods of transportation. Notwithstanding, there are different manners by which innovation is applied, one of those being the Internet and its different parts including email, talk rooms, and web crawlers. The rundown of employments for the Internet is multitudinous and numerous companies and colleges are driving individuals to utilize it. Yet, regardless of how much this new innovation is constrained on us, individuals are as yet impervious to it. As George Landow, Professor of English and Art History at Brown University, states, Innovation, in the vocabulary of numerous humanists, for the most part signifies 'just that innovation of which I am terrified' (Landow 218). Such obstruction is terrible on the grounds that the age of online innovation is here. Regardless of whether we have acknowledged it or not we are twenty minutes in to the future (Landow 214). Books are not, at this point the sole asset for data assembling and conveying. A totally different framework for passing on data has occurred. From multiple points of view, we have, regardless, effectively moved past the book. Indeed, even on the crudest, most realist standard including budgetary returns, we no longer discover it at the focal point of our way of life as the essential methods for recording and spreading data and diversion (Landow 215). Digital culture, especially Internet marvels, for example, online diaries and email, have improved the manner in which we work with composing and changed the manner in which we compose. For example, references, for example, online diaries and magazines have encouraged scientists from numerous points of view. EMU's online database alone contains a library of data on themes extending from busines... ...w innovation called digital culture, Landow makes an awesome moment that he says â€Å"Digital innovation might be new, however innovation, especially data innovation, has pervaded all known culture since the beginnings of mankind's history (218). Digital culture is setting down deep roots and can be exceptionally viable in correspondence, exploration, and composing; the test currently, is to close the generational hole between the individuals who have grasped digital culture and the individuals who despite everything oppose it. Works Cited Landow, George. â€Å"Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book?† Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age.† Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 214-226. Lesser, Wendy. â€Å"The Conversation.† Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age.† Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 227-223.

MLA Handbook For Writers of Research Paper

MLA Handbook For Writers of Research PaperThe MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a short book by the Association of American Publishers that covers various points and issues in writing research papers. Since it was first published, there have been amendments to the format and structure of the book. The newest edition of the Handbook is an online version of the manual.This manual is helpful to writers who need help in writing a research paper for a graduate program or school as well as those who are writing one for their dissertation. The manual is not intended to be a complete set of rules; rather, it is a guideline on how to conduct proper research in the most effective manner. It is useful because it will give writers an idea of what each chapter is about.The book contains twelve chapters and each chapter contains a sample case study. These chapters focus on typical research situations and solutions. The chapters then contain examples of research papers that use the inf ormation provided. As a writer who has to write research papers for research professionals, you can get a lot of useful information from this manual.In addition to providing guidance on how to be more organized, the manual also provides tips on how to make the process easier for yourself. For example, if you find yourself having trouble staying on top of your work, or if you find that you are unable to remember specific details from a specific research study, you should seek out the help of others. The authors of the Handbook are available for advice and assistance in writing a good research paper.However, some people may be concerned about the actual content of the Handbook. While there is not a lot of information in the entire book, there are several parts that are designed to address specific concerns. The sections that address research papers for graduate students and other professionals include advice on how to be more effective in writing. The chapter on Writing Research inclu des tips on writing effectively. For example, writing articles or research papers are part of the job of writing, and they require some ability to format text correctly. If you are writing research papers for graduate students, then the advice on formatting text can be especially helpful.The second section, on Spelling and Grammar, addresses the importance of making sure that each word in the paper is included accurately. The chapter on Arithmetic and Algebra includes advice on doing proper research. By making sure that all references and figures are correct, you can ensure that your research paper is accurate.Finally, the third section addresses Advice on Writing a Creative Summary of Your Own Research Paper. This chapter provides suggestions for constructing a well-written summary. With these guidelines, you should be able to put together a manuscript that will impress your readers and increase your chances of being accepted into a graduate program or school.

Feminism and Equal Rights Essay -- Opportunities, Organized Activity, W

Woman's rights is the faith in equivalent rights and openings, in composed action, on the side of women’s rights and interests, and furthermore in the hypothesis of political, financial, and social correspondence of the genders (Merriam-Webster). Ordinarily, the word â€Å"feminism† has a negative undertone related with it and women's activists are generalized as shut disapproved, man detesting, terrible, and whiny, among numerous different things. In any case, these generalizations are highly misrepresented and keeping in mind that they might be valid for certain women's activists, most are typical ladies who couldn't be chosen from a group. Advanced women's activists are following in the strides of their progenitors who beginning in the late 1800’s have taken an interest in three significant women's activist developments (Stockton). The first of these developments happened in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. The objective of the principal wave was to open greater open door entryways for ladies with a fundamental spotlight on testimonial. The wave formally started at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 (Stockton). Here, more than 300 people mobilized for the correspondence of ladies (Ruether). In its beginning periods, women's liberation was frequently identified with restraint and abolitionist developments. This first rush of women's liberation developments if frequently alluded to as the â€Å"Suffrage Movement† (Gender Press). This development helped offer voice to numerous beginning time women's activist backers who are renowned today, some of which incorporate Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. These ladies battled for the option to cast a ballot, a benefit that was held for men (Stockton). This development changed into something a lot bigger when th e National Women’s Rights Convention was framed a couple of years after the fact. This development prompted the nineteenth Amendment being passed in 1920. The nineteenth Amendment prohibited sexual orientation one-sided vot... ...//genderpressing.wordpress.com/2013/08/26/women's liberation the-primary wave-2/>. 9. . Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Reference book Britannica, n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. . 10. The History of Second Wave Feminism. Suite. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. . 11. Third Wave Foundation. Third Wave Foundation History Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. . 12. A Manifesto for Third Wave Feminism. Alternet. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. . 13. Duca, Lauren. A Definitive Guide To Celebrity Feminism In 2013. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 22 Dec. 2013. Web. 15 May 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/22/superstar feminisn_n_4476120.html.

Gender and Sexuality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1306 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Biology Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Gender Essay Did you like this example? According to Arndt (2017), sexuality denotes persons physical, biological and chemical makeups. To differentiate two persons on the basis of sexuality, you will incorporate differences in chromosomes, genes, internal and external sexual organs and hormonal profiles. On the other hand, gender denotes the roles and responsibility that persons of the two sexes have in the community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender and Sexuality" essay for you Create order It designates all those traits that are ascribed to men or women by the members of a community or by the culture (Kalaramadam, 2016). For this reason, it can be said that gender roles and responsibilities have variations across diverse cultures, beliefs, and civilizations and countries. Gender roles ascribed to males have an aspect of masculinity whereas those ascribed to a female have aspects of femininity. Patriarchy is the main system in many societies that govern the relationships between males and females. Patriarchy system denotes the rule of the males in a social unit where the male takes a dominant role. On the hand, women play subordinate roles (Freysinger, 2013). This is one of the various reasons why women are oppressed in private sectors. Economic systems have also enhanced gender-based violence and abuse in private sectors. In our society today, men are considered as the breadwinner in our families. For this reason, some organizations pay them well compared to women. On the other hand, women in some societies perform jobs that are not paying. Such jobs include caring for the babies and keeping their families intact (Worell, 2002). Such roles are not considered when the country is adding up domestic products. When it comes to inheritance of properties, women in some communities are discriminated against. This has influenced some private sectors to pay workers in accordance w ith their gender. Culture and norms of society also have led to women oppression in private sectors. Culture is the way of life of any society. For instance, gender roles, responsibilities and types of certain behaviors are passed and ascribed to males and females. Boys are not expected to cry. According to Hellinger (2015), men have the role in protecting the family and social roles linked to men have power and control. This consequently has influence sharing of the position of powers in private sectors. Political systems have also led to oppression of women in private organizations. It is worth noting that it was until the 1970s that women were allowed to run international organizations, governmental institutions, and big business. This has led to situations where women continue to live as second-class citizens and are discriminated against in our private organizations (Jones, 2016). Despite the fact that many organizations are fighting for the rights of women today, discrimination, as well as oppression, will take a lot of time to alleviate. The ability of the law to fight gender violence in private sector is affected by many things as discussed below The Failure of the Organizations to Embrace Set Rules For Gender Parity. Despite the fact that many countries recognize equal rights between genders; this is not always the case. Many of these countries have come up with regulations that intend to counter-attack discrimination, and grantee women access different programs such as health, economic rights and education (Rizwaan Mantry, 2014). However, these same regulations bear no fruits. A compassionate institution to bridge this gap concerned gender equality is needed. Weak Gender Management Gender management system operations require enabled environment. When the environment is weak, main activities of gender management system has a role to add strength to it (Leonard, 2017). Various factors interrelate to determine the level to which environment in which the gender management system is being set up does or does not enable effective gender mainstreaming. Inability of the Constitutional Agencies and Gender Rights Organizations to Enhance Gender Parity The constitution of any country is one of the liberal as well as progressive in the whole world. However, the question is how many constitutional agencies and gender rights organizations are willing to enhance gender parity is another matter (Kimura, 2016). To promote gender equity, these organizations must interpret the constitution in accordance with its doctrines. They should encourage the election of number women to satisfy gender equity rule. This can even be achieved through nominations to increase the membership figure in national bodies. The challenges mentioned earlier can be overcomed in various ways as discussed below; Enhancing Evaluation of Private Organization on Matters of Gender Evaluation strengthens the ability of private organizations in achieving gender-based equality in three ways. First, evaluation enables the administration to have a critical look at existing norms and existing programs and ask whether the organization is doing the right things (Denmark, Rabinowitz Sechzer, 2016).? Secondly, it allows the administration to revisit operational outcomes in the process of understanding what is working and why. And third, evaluation offers a window for comparison of results in the world to foster knowledge sharing. Creating New Laws That Mandate Every Organization to Have Gender Parity Policies The government should create new laws that mandate all private organizations to have gender parity policies. All types of activities in the private organization should mainstream in a gender perspective. Gender mainstreaming that is globally accepted should be made a law in all organization to achieve gender equality amongst the employees (Baker Wiseman, 2009). Gender mainstreaming ensures gender equality is central to all types of activities. These activities include research, legislation, resource allocation, planning, dialogues, monitoring and implementing of projects and programs. The 2001 to 2006 report by Commission on the Status of Women (CWS) indicated that equal participation of both women and men in decision making was not enhanced by many organizations and was not incorporated in the laws of many organizations. Training Of the Management Boards of Private Organizations on the Issue of Gender Parity Training the boards of management in private organizations on issues of gender equality can play a vital role of providing them with the knowledge, values, and skills that will enable them in their contribution to attaining effective and efficient implementation of gender mainstreaming. Any organization that invests in training its board members help them to identify gender inequalities in various activities, define the objectives of gender equality and put into consideration gender while planning and implementing policies (Cedillo, 2013). All these activities require adequate knowledge skills and at times change of attitudes and behaviors. Therefore training is an essential element in handling gender equality in private organizations (Demos Segal, 2009). As illustrated in above, it is evident that private organizations experience gender-based violence amongst the workers. To overcome these challenges, every person must be in a position to respect the rights of every member of these organizations (Bustelo, Ferguson Forest, 2016).? The government has to come up with policies that will enhance equal rights at places of work. References Arndt, J. (2017). Gender and Sexuality; A Practical Approach. S.l.: Worth Publications Baker, D., Wiseman, A. (2009). Gender, Equality and Education from International and Comparative Perspectives. Bradford: Emerald Group Publications. Bustelo, M., Ferguson, L., Forest, M. (2016). The politics of feminist knowledge transfer: Gender training and gender expertise. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Cedillo, E. (2013). Gender Policies. Ottawa: North-South Institute. Demos, V. P., Segal, M. T. (2009). Perceiving gender locally, globally, and intersectionally. Bingley: Emerald JAI. Denmark, F., Rabinowitz, V. C., Sechzer, J. A. (2016). Engendering Psychology: Women and gender revisited. London: Routledge. Freysinger, V. J. (2013). Leisure, women, and gender. State College: Venture Publications. Hellinger, M. (2015). Gender Politics; Role of Men in the Family. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Jones, O. (2016). Why Women fear being Leaders in Organizations; A critical approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kalaramadam, S. (2016). Gender. New York: Taylor and Francis. Kimura, M. (2016). Unfolding the comfort women debates: Modernity, violence, womens voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Leonard, M. N. (2017). Gender equality and identity rights. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest. Rizwaan, M., Mantry, A. K. (2014). Gender equality and women empowerment. New Delhi: Saad Publications. Worell, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. San Diego: Academic Press.

Essay on Capital Punishment A Negative Way to Deter Crime

An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, and a foot for a foot is a well known phrase that means when someone commits a wrongdoing against another person they must be punished the same way. But how far can this statement go, should the government have rights to kill someone if a person kills another? Or does anyone have the right to sentence a person to the death penalty even if they stole grapes or killed a chicken? The death penalty may limit crime, but it is not a positive form of punishment due to the financial burdens on the government, killings of the innocent, and moral and ethical issues. The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, is the most extreme measure of all sentencing (Schmalleger 407). The†¦show more content†¦However, by the 16th Century AD, Henry VIII allowed executions once again. Nearly 72,000 people were thought to have been executed during his reign (Death Penalty). During Henry VIII reign there were different forms of executing people used. Boiling, hanging, beheading, burning at the stake and drowning were used as execution methods (Death Penalty). These executions would occur for reasons such as marrying a Jew, treason, and not confessing crimes that were committed (Death Penalty). By 1700 in Britain there were 222 different crimes that could be punished by death (Frontline). A couple of these crimes were stealing or cutting down a tree (Frontline). But for 1823-1837 the death penalty began to eliminate 100 of the crimes that could cause an execution. In 1767, Cesare Beccaria wrote an essay, On Crimes and Punishment, which discussed the fact there is no justification for the state to take someone’s life (Death Penalty). This essay resulted in abolishing the death penalty in Austria and Tuscany. After a few failed attempts the United States made progress in eliminating the death penalty. In 1794 Pennsylvania was able to repeal the death penalty and have the executions for only fir st degree murders. Early in the 1800’s states started building penitentiaries to reduce the amount of capital crimes. Michigan in 1846 had eliminated theShow MoreRelatedIs Capital Punishment Immoral? Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesIs Capital Punishment Immoral? In a Kantian world with moral laws, capital punishment does not seem to be a theoretical solution for punishing murders. But when someone does commit murder those individuals render their rights, and henceforth would acknowledge their action with consequences, such as capital punishment. Jeffrey H. Reiman presents various arguments against the use of capital punishment with no adequate evidence of effectiveness, but I disagree. Capital punishment is a reasonableRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 Pages Why the Death Penalty is Ineffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effectiveRead MoreEnding the Death Penalty960 Words   |  4 Pagesin court to support a loved one falsely convicted of a capital offense. Against the well-prepared prosecutor, the chances of not being sentenced to death are looking slim. As the judge bangs the gavel, sealing his fate, you know he is innocent but there is nothing you can do about it. In just a few weeks, the cyanide laced air in his chamber will suffocate his breath, burn his lungs, and force him to close his eyes forever in repent for a crime he never committed. The deat h penalty is an issue in theRead MoreThe Death Penalty: The Case of Carlos DeLuna Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagescommit the crime, however, he was arrested. He even went further, he named the culprit, a violent criminal named Carlos Hernandez. However, the chief prosecutor believed that Hernandez did not exist; he was only a â€Å"figment of DeLunas imagination.† About four years later the execution of Carlos Deluna, Hernandez admitted his crime of killing Lopez. Would everything be different if Deluna was not sentenced to death, but just imprisoned? About 40% of Americans are against capital punishment, and theyRead MoreA Call to End Capital Punishment Essay example1651 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is a very divisive topic in the United States and also in our home state of West Virginia. This is a topic that sparks passion within people about the equality and effectiveness of the American Judicial system. Everybody is entitled to their own opinion about this topic but the throbbing question that lingers in the air is that is it morally right? Capital punishment also known as the death penalty is the brutal ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crimeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be A Type Of Corporal Punishment?844 Words   |  4 Pagesis often punishment for wrongdoing. After being told not to follow through with an action, children are often disciplined with a spanking in order to ensure that it does not happen again. When children grow up and become adults, instead of being punished for committing worse actions, they are instead given a slap on the hand and sent to a cell in an institution that provides not only food, but television as well. In order to prevent criminals from believing that committing a serious crime has no severeRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty957 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterring crime as it did before. Although there are many claims supporting both sides still over half o f Americans are for capital punishment in some way, but what causes someone to be sentenced to death? According to the article â€Å"Against the American System of Capital Punishment† by Jack Greenberg the worst crime is, â€Å"a putative killer of one’s parent or child† (Greenberg). What makes this the worst crime? And out of the few executions are these the only people getting this punishment?   Some peopleRead MoreTheories Of The Age Of Enlightenment1026 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of inhumane acts including but not limited to being tarred and feathered, quartered, burned alive, beheaded, drowned, or stoned to death. This way of thinking and punishing offenders continued through the 1600’s until the Age of Enlightenment. It was during this time that Thomas Hobbes wrote a book proposing theories that would change the way many people think about other individuals and their actions. Thomas Hobbes’ most influential contributions to the Age of Enli ghtenment were his theoriesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Has Been Considered An Issue Since The1607 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences in the way people view the death penalty; some oppose it and some agree with it. In the recent decades the death penalty has become a more popular controversial topic. The people who oppose the death penalty have very different reasons than people who agree with it. Death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty deters crime rates and is completely constitutional, whereas anti death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty is unconstitutional and doesn’t deter crimes. Through researchRead MoreNo More Excuses For Death Penalty Abolishment. Please Assume1532 Words   |  7 Pagesunbelievably becomes â€Å"Yes† when the topic changes to capital punishment. Over decades, advocates of death penalty persist that the â€Å"an eye for an eye† rule is justice and have misperception it effectively deters crimes. However, accor ding to the statistic and logical analysis, the death penalty should be eliminated as soon as possible, because it fails whether to be merciful to protect innocent people or to be harsh to deter crimes or as a suitable punishment. To Be Merciful The law is set up to protect

Curriculum Objectives For Academic Standards - 902 Words

Academic standards are defined as statements of what all students, teachers, and schools are expected to recognize. Content standards define the understanding and abilities that students should conquer. The content standards are relaxingly known as â€Å"what† students should know and be able to do. They specify the methods of thinking, working, communicating, reasoning, and investigating the significant and lasting concepts, subjects, and dilemmas. Content standards define what every student should be able to do. Content standards are of abundant significance. Without standards, states, school districts, and schools would not have any goals to conquer by the time of advancement to the next level in education. By corresponding standards within each grade level and subject area, all will know what instruction students should be receiving, what areas students should be educated on, and what areas they will be tested on. Instructional objectives serve as goals that educators have established in the success of a superior goal. They allow students to know what is expected of them within the class. Instructional objectives map out the directions in which teaching leads and, then, become the focus of instruction. This not only assists the focus and understanding for the teachers, but also for the students. Without instructional objectives, education is as a tumbling leaf whose endpoint is reliant on on the will of the wind. Educators will be following the unknown in order to achieveShow MoreRelatedApplication Guidelines And Procedures For How The Curriculum Is Designed, Delivered, Monitored, And Evaluated1082 Words   |  5 Pagesguidelines and procedures for how the curriculum is designed, delivered, monitored, and evaluated. At Goodwill Secondary we offer a variety of courses to suit students of varying ability. Different types of instructions are expected, in order to address the unique needs of spec ific students. This instruction will be derived from a set of curriculum skills which are common to all the students. All students will be able to access the curriculum. Curriculum: The Goodwill Secondary School is a technicalRead MoreWeek 7 Weak Curriculum Vsinadequateinst1238 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Weak Curriculum vs. Inadequate Instruction Melissa Mouradjian Grand Canyon University November 12, 2014 Donald Schielke Curriculum and inadequate instruction both have their pros and cons when it comes to the decision-making process of what works best to achieve higher level learning among students. Curriculum mainly focuses on the knowledge and skills that are important to learn where as instruction is what learning will be achieved to meet the needs of students, standardizedRead MoreTest Crt Should Be Used Rather Than Norm Referenced Tests1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthan the Norm-Referenced Tests. The learning standards and the curriculum will be discussed to help determine why the CRT should be used rather than the NRT. Also, we will take a look at the principal use of how the two methods differ by one using survey testing and the other mastery testing. I will give my informed opinion throughout the essay. The Criterion-Referenced Tests measure the performance against a fix set of predetermined learning standards. This means that there will be written descriptionsRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Florida1305 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic levels, and stages of academic achievement. The county has an estimated population of 81% Caucasian, 10% African-American, 0.7% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 8.5% Hispanic/Latino races. Okaloosa County Health Education curriculum objectives are aligned with the Florida Core Standards, and the Nation Health Education Standards. 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The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculumRead MoreMajor Implications For Providing Meaningful Access For The Broad Curriculum1514 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding meaningful access to the broad curriculum involve a comprehensive approach. Proper instructional accommodations represent one piece of this picture (Elliott Thurlow, 2000). Additional elements include the arrangement when it comes to curriculum domains, time allotments and determinations about what needs to be included or excluded (Nolet McLaughlin, 2000). The five imperatives noted in the white paper allocate how equal access inhibits academic support which also describes characteristics

Training Methodology free essay sample

Points to Remember: (i) Write legibly or type your answers on A-4 size sheets. (ii) Your answer to a question should consist of not more than 500 words (iii) Write your Registration No. Name, Paper No. , and Response Sheet No. Question No. at the top of each sheet. (iv) Self-addressed and sufficient postal stamped envelop of 8† x 10† size must be sent along with response sheets – for each paper separately. (v) Answer any two questions. Questions 1. What is a ‘training need’ and how does it get recognized? 2. Discuss the various methods of training needs identification. Reference to suitable case studies may be made. 3. Discuss the various steps involved in designing training program. 4. Discuss the role of a trainer in the conduct of a training program and the logic by which he should select training aids. Question 1: What is a ‘training need’ and how does it get recognized? Answer 1: What is a Training Need? A training need is nothing but a gap between desired level of knowledge/ skill or attitude and its existing level, where an individual, department or the whole organisation is either falling short of expected performance or the organization is planning a change. There are a number of reasons for perceiving such a gap. Reasons for a Training Need. Change – The Mother of Training Need. The only permanent entity in today’s world is change. And it is happening at ever increasing speed. Inability to change is sure to lead to extinction of any organisation. The training need comes in to play either because a change has either already happened or it is likely to happen or it is intended to be caused. Change in any form and for any reason is bound to generate training needs. Types of Possible Change. The change could be either technological, environmental, legislative or manpower composition. Technological. In order to either reduce cost of the products and services or to reduce the time frame or some other resource, organizations often have to adapt a different technology than the one they currently had. Change of technology necessitates change in the methods of work, procedures and at times even policies. Prior subjecting the organization to a technological change therefore the affected employees need to be trained. Introduction of computers/ I. T. in banks and government offices in 1990s is an excellent example. In armed forces, the weapon systems, surveillance equipment and platforms that carry them get upgraded from time to time. Prior any such change however a large manpower needs to be trained. Even a commander who deploys his forces needs to be trained about strengths as well as limitations of the new technology for him to have necessary situational awareness. Environmental. Change in customer taste and habits, is the biggest environmental change. Before availability of digital technology people would print photographs they clicked. With hand held digital devices capable of stowing and displaying the photographs, the need to print diminished. For the industry involved in photo printing it was a major change. When an organisation ventures into new business or new product, the current employees may be required to be trained to meet the new competencies/ skills required. When there is a change in environment, e. g. resource availability, entry or exit of a major competitor, etc the organisation may have to change the way things are done. The whole ambit of national coastal security mechanism had to change not only the way it conducted its business but also the equipments and platforms when the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack proved that the attack could be launched in such a manner. The coastal security environment had actually changed long ago. The attack forced the powers that be to wake up to this reality and then take corrective actions. Legislative. A change in legislation, government regulations, or policies could be a game changer in many ways. The government in early 70’s promoted trawling as a recommended method for fishing. Easy finance was made available for the purpose and all regulations were aligned with this policy. Today India has a largest population of trawlers both on east as well as west coast. Trawling is now recognized as a destructive method of fishing as it is indiscriminate. It kills large quantity of marine life which is not called for. Under pressure of larger fishing associations, the government is unable to bring about a change to a better method such as line or pole fishing. It is only a question of time though, when the international community will induce pressure over government to bring about the change. Training to fishermen in new methods of fishing will thus be identified due to national or international legislation. Manpower Composition Changes. In recent past, the Coast Guard started induction of Commercial Pilot License holders to fly its aircrafts. With induction of these young and otherwise inexperienced pilots, the senior Coast Guard pilots were transferred to ships. The manpower compositions of all the squadrons changed substantially threatening flight safety. A huge training need was identified as a result. Sudden changes in manpower composition of an organization thus create training needs. The need could be felt due to below expectation performance of a department or a business unit or it could be due to role or function change. The gap could be perceived at organizational, departmental/ project or individual level. How is the Training Need Recognized? There are a number of ways in which the training need gets recognized. Some of them are as follows. Operational Failure. The last and the worst means of recognizing a training need is an operational failure of the organizational objectives such as serious loss or an accident. 1962 Attack by China, Kargil intrusion and 26/11 attack are examples of some such failures. Many serious accidents have occurred due to human error as well as material failure. The human error occurs due to prior inability of the organization to recognize an existing training need. The material failure also occurs for the same reason. It is someone’s inability to recognize the real stress vis-a-vis real strength of material. Which means that that person’s training need went unrecognized. Continuous monitoring of quality and safety issues bring out training needs and avert large and dangerous failures. When safety and quality is pushed to take a back seat, the accidents/ failures bring out the training needs! Reports and Data Crunching or Analysis of Primary Source. The monitoring of the operational situation can mainly be undertaken with regular data collection and its manipulation to provide health reports of the system. Thorough understanding of the system over a long period of time provides the experts criteria to be set for generating alarm. A tendency thus can be detected in time before it proves critical. This is one of the best ways to detect deviations (read training needs) from expected performance as it is proactive. Monthly stock taking, account closing, audit, etc are some such occasions. Some deviation could be due to say lack of discipline or due to dishonesty at some level. Though it may not fall under the conventional meaning of training, encouraging people to inculcate discipline and honesty also form part of training. Is an armed force unit not trained to be disciplined? Expert reading of routine reports thus help in recognizing training needs. The data sources that are available may include: Interviews/surveys with supervisors/managers Interviews/surveys with employees Employee performance appraisal documents Organizations strategic planning documents Organization/department operational plans Organization/department key performance indicators Customer complaints Critical incidents Product/service quality data Work Problems. As in the case of reports and data crunching, work problems when monitored and placed in correct perspective help in recognition of training needs. Frequent squabbles in the work place may be addressed with teamwork training. It could also be addressed by sending the members to a sensitivity or T Lab or a course on meditation. Work problems could also be caused by incorrect organizational structure or inability of the members to manage material or documentation or some other aspect of the work, which may bring out a training need in that particular field. Direct Observation . A faulty work method, ignorance of safety precautions or flouting of recommended procedures are often directly observed by a good supervisor and can be either addressed right then and there or the SOPs can be amended to prevent such deviations. In both cases the training need is recognized. Interviews. Interview with the stake holders from the person on job to the customer (internal or external or both internal and external) can help in recognizing the training needs. The TQM believes that the person who is doing the job know the best. Seldom is he consulted in the conventional management system. Structured Questionnaire. The structured questionnaire can also be used for recognizing training needs. The questionnaire could be filled up in person during an interview or on telephone or even as a remote exercise. Appropriate questions trigger thinking in the responder and bring out quality information provided the questionnaire is drafted effectively. Performance Evaluation. The training needs particularly for individuals can become evident on performance evaluation. They can be recognized from the succession plan or from the career plan. In many organizations, each employees manager discusses training and development needs during the final part of the performance appraisal discussion. This method suits where training needs are highly varied amongst individual employees. Typically, the manager constructs an employee Performance Development Plan in collaboration with the employee being appraised. The Plan takes into consideration: The organizations strategies and plans Agreed employee goals and targets The employees performance results The employees role description Feedback from internal/external customers and stakeholders, and The employees stated career aspirations The employees completed Performance Development Plan should document the area that requires improvement, the actual development activity, resource requirements, expected outcomes and an agreed time frame in which the development outcome will be achieved. We may find some commonality amongst individual training and development needs identified in the various performance appraisals. In this case, it may pay the organization to review and classify each of the needs and convert them into appropriate training courses (or other interventions). The next step is to prioritize their importance and aggregate the results so that we end up with a list of courses and participant numbers against each. Then negotiate a delivery schedule that fits in with managers/supervisors and employees whilst keeping an eye on the training budget. Human Resource Information System. A well designed (customized) HRIS can also help in bringing out the training needs. Induction System. In my units persons coming on transfer from another unit were interviewed during their induction to know about their competencies and weaker areas. Depending their seniority and responsibility, training needs were identified at this stage. Question 2: Discuss the various methods of training needs identification. Reference to suitable case studies may be made. Answer 2: Methods of Training Need Identification: a. Review of business objectives and identification of critical activities. b. Setting measurable performance standards, for example, measures of production efficiency or marketing success. c. Monitoring performance to identify problem areas. d. Getting feedback from customers, suppliers and other key business partners; we can consider using interviews or surveys in areas such as customer satisfaction. e. Asking employees to raise concerns and make suggestions; include discussions of training needs in employee performance management. f. Identifying any dependencies, for example, where only one employee has crucial skills or knowledge. g. Review of any legal requirements to be met such as health and safety training. h. Review any change that is planned or expected (e. g. new products, procedures or technologies), identifying potential weaknesses and problems. i. Considering how employees roles may change: for example, the plans to promote individuals and to develop new employees. j. Prioritising problem areas or areas of weakness/improvement. k. Considering how improving systems or equipment could contribute to resolving problems. l. Considering whether poor performance reflects bad management, for example, a failure to agree clear objectives and motivating employees. m. Considering whether there are unrealistic expectations given the caliber or number of employees, and if there is a need to recruit new talent or reassign roles. n. Considering whether training will be an effective solution; assessing employees willingness to learn, and preferred learning style. o. Identifying training options (e. g. job shadowing, distance learning or external training courses); setting of clear objectives for training activities. p. Implementation of a pilot training scheme and review of the outcome before rolling the programme out. q. Regularly reviewing the outcome of training to identify further training needs and to assess the effectiveness of the training-needs analysis. Cardinal rules: Do’s: Focus on critical activities Anticipate change Analyse the causes of poor performance Identify alternatives to training Review outcomes Don’ts: Assume different employees have the same needs Expect employees to achieve unrealistic goals, with or without training Ignore other factors contributing to poor performance Organise training without clear objectives Impose inappropriate training on unwilling employees Case Study: TNI method used onboard Indian Coast Guard Ship Vijaya. Indian Coast Guard Ship Vijaya Captain decided to bring in best practices onboard with an aim to improve ship’s operational efficiency very significantly. A frontline ship with deployed all along the west coast earned numerous kudos for her operational success, superior material performance and availability for operations despite being one of the oldest ships of ICG (24 years) and for maximum number of below officer rank personnel being elevated to the officers rank. She became the Best Search and rescue ship as she saved more than 120 lives in one year. Personnel who worked onboard took immense pride and those posted on sister ships jokingly called it a ‘training ship’ even though there were no trainees onboard in conventional sense. Induction System. The ship practiced what is called an induction system with two main aims – To earn commitment of the personnel and to improve their competence. The job description of each job onboard was revamped. The knowledge level required and the skill level required was well documented. During induction interview of the personnel they were asked questions pertaining to these criteria, which helped in identifying individual training needs. In addition the personnel were introduced to goal setting as the ship practiced ‘management by objectives’. Goal Setting. All the personnel were encouraged and assisted to set goals, quarterly and annual. The junior hands who did not have freedom to chose their work or its direction were asked to set only learning goals. The senior hands were asked to set learning as well as teaching goals. The two – a senior with strength in a certain area and the junior who had to master the same area became a pair to jointly meet their respective goals. Continual learning thus became part of MBO, with its progress being reviewed every month. Boarding Ops. The Coast Guard’s main task is to identify suspicious people lurking in the sea. The main method available for identifying a vessel as suspicious is to physically board it, inspect it, interrogate the crew and check her documents. This is called the boarding operation of Coast guard. Larger the number of vessels boarded, larger is the probability of finding the ‘suspicious’ vessel. This being the strategic activity, more training effort was devoted to boarding operations. Review and Implementation of Standard Operating Procedures. The ship carried out a large number of boarding operations. This required high level of legal knowledge, leadership skill, a strong team spirit, risk taking ability, quick decision making and physical agility. The time required for the boarding party to muster and to lower the boat had to be minimized. The weapons needed to be brought to higher level of readiness in quick time. The ship reviewed all the SOPs and included the maximum permissible time and target time for each evolution. Achieving these time targets became the training needs for various teams. They organized themselves and their tools and equipment in such a manner as to carry out the task in time less than stipulated. Direct Observation and Feedback. All these boarding operations were video shot from the mother ship. On return of these boarding parties they were debriefed with help of these videos. The direct observation and the video recording of it brought out many training needs related to the manner of boarding, handling of weapons, movement of troops, boat handling, etc Professional Qualification Tests. The ship’s staff was given professional qualification boards every month. The test was on pre announced topics. The results were stored in a customized software, which highlighted general areas of weakness of personnel and specific personnel who were weak in specific areas, thus identifying training need. Divisional Record Sheets. The ship’s staff is divided in divisions for better administration. Each division is headed by a divisional officer who plays a role of their leader, a father and a friend all rolled in one. The ship started a system where the divisional officer spent some private time with each of his divisional men and noted down his strengths, achievements, goals and areas needing attention. Jointly goals were reviewed and set. The system of goal setting established during induction was thus taken forward. These were best opportunities for re-identification of training needs and to review progress of training previously planned. Each man and his divisional officer as a result became aware of where he stands. The annual performance evaluation thus had no surprises. People were helped to identify meet their training needs throughout the year. Qualification Boards. Safety critical tasks were identified and listed in the ship. A board of officers conducted direct observation/ obtained feedback from the persons on job from time to time to identify training needs so also to obtain constructive suggestions for change/improvement in procedures. As a result of all this effort, the ship’s staff became highly competent and committed. The personnel excelled in all departmental/ promotion boards. Many critical operations were conducted smoothly leading to many lives being saved and many criminals being apprehended. The morale and self esteem of the personnel sky-rocketed, the team became tighter than ever, the esprit-de-corps reached levels never before achieved. The proactive training need identification and rigorous follow up action help in changing many a life.