Cyber Culture: The Future of Print Essay -- Technology Literature Essa

At the point when we consider innovation, what frequently rings a bell are TVs, specialized gadgets, for example, phones and satellites, PCs, and various methods of transportation. Notwithstanding, there are different manners by which innovation is applied, one of those being the Internet and its different parts including email, talk rooms, and web crawlers. The rundown of employments for the Internet is multitudinous and numerous companies and colleges are driving individuals to utilize it. Yet, regardless of how much this new innovation is constrained on us, individuals are as yet impervious to it. As George Landow, Professor of English and Art History at Brown University, states, Innovation, in the vocabulary of numerous humanists, for the most part signifies 'just that innovation of which I am terrified' (Landow 218). Such obstruction is terrible on the grounds that the age of online innovation is here. Regardless of whether we have acknowledged it or not we are twenty minutes in to the future (Landow 214). Books are not, at this point the sole asset for data assembling and conveying. A totally different framework for passing on data has occurred. From multiple points of view, we have, regardless, effectively moved past the book. Indeed, even on the crudest, most realist standard including budgetary returns, we no longer discover it at the focal point of our way of life as the essential methods for recording and spreading data and diversion (Landow 215). Digital culture, especially Internet marvels, for example, online diaries and email, have improved the manner in which we work with composing and changed the manner in which we compose. For example, references, for example, online diaries and magazines have encouraged scientists from numerous points of view. EMU's online database alone contains a library of data on themes extending from busines... ...w innovation called digital culture, Landow makes an awesome moment that he says â€Å"Digital innovation might be new, however innovation, especially data innovation, has pervaded all known culture since the beginnings of mankind's history (218). Digital culture is setting down deep roots and can be exceptionally viable in correspondence, exploration, and composing; the test currently, is to close the generational hole between the individuals who have grasped digital culture and the individuals who despite everything oppose it. Works Cited Landow, George. â€Å"Twenty Minutes into the Future, or How Are We Moving Beyond the Book?† Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age.† Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 214-226. Lesser, Wendy. â€Å"The Conversation.† Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age.† Comp. Evelyn B. Tribble and Anne Trubek. New York: Longman, 2003. 227-223.

MLA Handbook For Writers of Research Paper

MLA Handbook For Writers of Research PaperThe MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers is a short book by the Association of American Publishers that covers various points and issues in writing research papers. Since it was first published, there have been amendments to the format and structure of the book. The newest edition of the Handbook is an online version of the manual.This manual is helpful to writers who need help in writing a research paper for a graduate program or school as well as those who are writing one for their dissertation. The manual is not intended to be a complete set of rules; rather, it is a guideline on how to conduct proper research in the most effective manner. It is useful because it will give writers an idea of what each chapter is about.The book contains twelve chapters and each chapter contains a sample case study. These chapters focus on typical research situations and solutions. The chapters then contain examples of research papers that use the inf ormation provided. As a writer who has to write research papers for research professionals, you can get a lot of useful information from this manual.In addition to providing guidance on how to be more organized, the manual also provides tips on how to make the process easier for yourself. For example, if you find yourself having trouble staying on top of your work, or if you find that you are unable to remember specific details from a specific research study, you should seek out the help of others. The authors of the Handbook are available for advice and assistance in writing a good research paper.However, some people may be concerned about the actual content of the Handbook. While there is not a lot of information in the entire book, there are several parts that are designed to address specific concerns. The sections that address research papers for graduate students and other professionals include advice on how to be more effective in writing. The chapter on Writing Research inclu des tips on writing effectively. For example, writing articles or research papers are part of the job of writing, and they require some ability to format text correctly. If you are writing research papers for graduate students, then the advice on formatting text can be especially helpful.The second section, on Spelling and Grammar, addresses the importance of making sure that each word in the paper is included accurately. The chapter on Arithmetic and Algebra includes advice on doing proper research. By making sure that all references and figures are correct, you can ensure that your research paper is accurate.Finally, the third section addresses Advice on Writing a Creative Summary of Your Own Research Paper. This chapter provides suggestions for constructing a well-written summary. With these guidelines, you should be able to put together a manuscript that will impress your readers and increase your chances of being accepted into a graduate program or school.

Feminism and Equal Rights Essay -- Opportunities, Organized Activity, W

Woman's rights is the faith in equivalent rights and openings, in composed action, on the side of women’s rights and interests, and furthermore in the hypothesis of political, financial, and social correspondence of the genders (Merriam-Webster). Ordinarily, the word â€Å"feminism† has a negative undertone related with it and women's activists are generalized as shut disapproved, man detesting, terrible, and whiny, among numerous different things. In any case, these generalizations are highly misrepresented and keeping in mind that they might be valid for certain women's activists, most are typical ladies who couldn't be chosen from a group. Advanced women's activists are following in the strides of their progenitors who beginning in the late 1800’s have taken an interest in three significant women's activist developments (Stockton). The first of these developments happened in the late nineteenth and mid twentieth hundreds of years. The objective of the principal wave was to open greater open door entryways for ladies with a fundamental spotlight on testimonial. The wave formally started at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 (Stockton). Here, more than 300 people mobilized for the correspondence of ladies (Ruether). In its beginning periods, women's liberation was frequently identified with restraint and abolitionist developments. This first rush of women's liberation developments if frequently alluded to as the â€Å"Suffrage Movement† (Gender Press). This development helped offer voice to numerous beginning time women's activist backers who are renowned today, some of which incorporate Sojourner Truth, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony. These ladies battled for the option to cast a ballot, a benefit that was held for men (Stockton). This development changed into something a lot bigger when th e National Women’s Rights Convention was framed a couple of years after the fact. This development prompted the nineteenth Amendment being passed in 1920. The nineteenth Amendment prohibited sexual orientation one-sided vot... ...//genderpressing.wordpress.com/2013/08/26/women's liberation the-primary wave-2/>. 9. . Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Reference book Britannica, n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. . 10. The History of Second Wave Feminism. Suite. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 May 2014. . 11. Third Wave Foundation. Third Wave Foundation History Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. . 12. A Manifesto for Third Wave Feminism. Alternet. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 May 2014. . 13. Duca, Lauren. A Definitive Guide To Celebrity Feminism In 2013. The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 22 Dec. 2013. Web. 15 May 2014. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/22/superstar feminisn_n_4476120.html.

Gender and Sexuality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1306 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/19 Category Biology Essay Type Case study Level High school Tags: Gender Essay Did you like this example? According to Arndt (2017), sexuality denotes persons physical, biological and chemical makeups. To differentiate two persons on the basis of sexuality, you will incorporate differences in chromosomes, genes, internal and external sexual organs and hormonal profiles. On the other hand, gender denotes the roles and responsibility that persons of the two sexes have in the community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender and Sexuality" essay for you Create order It designates all those traits that are ascribed to men or women by the members of a community or by the culture (Kalaramadam, 2016). For this reason, it can be said that gender roles and responsibilities have variations across diverse cultures, beliefs, and civilizations and countries. Gender roles ascribed to males have an aspect of masculinity whereas those ascribed to a female have aspects of femininity. Patriarchy is the main system in many societies that govern the relationships between males and females. Patriarchy system denotes the rule of the males in a social unit where the male takes a dominant role. On the hand, women play subordinate roles (Freysinger, 2013). This is one of the various reasons why women are oppressed in private sectors. Economic systems have also enhanced gender-based violence and abuse in private sectors. In our society today, men are considered as the breadwinner in our families. For this reason, some organizations pay them well compared to women. On the other hand, women in some societies perform jobs that are not paying. Such jobs include caring for the babies and keeping their families intact (Worell, 2002). Such roles are not considered when the country is adding up domestic products. When it comes to inheritance of properties, women in some communities are discriminated against. This has influenced some private sectors to pay workers in accordance w ith their gender. Culture and norms of society also have led to women oppression in private sectors. Culture is the way of life of any society. For instance, gender roles, responsibilities and types of certain behaviors are passed and ascribed to males and females. Boys are not expected to cry. According to Hellinger (2015), men have the role in protecting the family and social roles linked to men have power and control. This consequently has influence sharing of the position of powers in private sectors. Political systems have also led to oppression of women in private organizations. It is worth noting that it was until the 1970s that women were allowed to run international organizations, governmental institutions, and big business. This has led to situations where women continue to live as second-class citizens and are discriminated against in our private organizations (Jones, 2016). Despite the fact that many organizations are fighting for the rights of women today, discrimination, as well as oppression, will take a lot of time to alleviate. The ability of the law to fight gender violence in private sector is affected by many things as discussed below The Failure of the Organizations to Embrace Set Rules For Gender Parity. Despite the fact that many countries recognize equal rights between genders; this is not always the case. Many of these countries have come up with regulations that intend to counter-attack discrimination, and grantee women access different programs such as health, economic rights and education (Rizwaan Mantry, 2014). However, these same regulations bear no fruits. A compassionate institution to bridge this gap concerned gender equality is needed. Weak Gender Management Gender management system operations require enabled environment. When the environment is weak, main activities of gender management system has a role to add strength to it (Leonard, 2017). Various factors interrelate to determine the level to which environment in which the gender management system is being set up does or does not enable effective gender mainstreaming. Inability of the Constitutional Agencies and Gender Rights Organizations to Enhance Gender Parity The constitution of any country is one of the liberal as well as progressive in the whole world. However, the question is how many constitutional agencies and gender rights organizations are willing to enhance gender parity is another matter (Kimura, 2016). To promote gender equity, these organizations must interpret the constitution in accordance with its doctrines. They should encourage the election of number women to satisfy gender equity rule. This can even be achieved through nominations to increase the membership figure in national bodies. The challenges mentioned earlier can be overcomed in various ways as discussed below; Enhancing Evaluation of Private Organization on Matters of Gender Evaluation strengthens the ability of private organizations in achieving gender-based equality in three ways. First, evaluation enables the administration to have a critical look at existing norms and existing programs and ask whether the organization is doing the right things (Denmark, Rabinowitz Sechzer, 2016).? Secondly, it allows the administration to revisit operational outcomes in the process of understanding what is working and why. And third, evaluation offers a window for comparison of results in the world to foster knowledge sharing. Creating New Laws That Mandate Every Organization to Have Gender Parity Policies The government should create new laws that mandate all private organizations to have gender parity policies. All types of activities in the private organization should mainstream in a gender perspective. Gender mainstreaming that is globally accepted should be made a law in all organization to achieve gender equality amongst the employees (Baker Wiseman, 2009). Gender mainstreaming ensures gender equality is central to all types of activities. These activities include research, legislation, resource allocation, planning, dialogues, monitoring and implementing of projects and programs. The 2001 to 2006 report by Commission on the Status of Women (CWS) indicated that equal participation of both women and men in decision making was not enhanced by many organizations and was not incorporated in the laws of many organizations. Training Of the Management Boards of Private Organizations on the Issue of Gender Parity Training the boards of management in private organizations on issues of gender equality can play a vital role of providing them with the knowledge, values, and skills that will enable them in their contribution to attaining effective and efficient implementation of gender mainstreaming. Any organization that invests in training its board members help them to identify gender inequalities in various activities, define the objectives of gender equality and put into consideration gender while planning and implementing policies (Cedillo, 2013). All these activities require adequate knowledge skills and at times change of attitudes and behaviors. Therefore training is an essential element in handling gender equality in private organizations (Demos Segal, 2009). As illustrated in above, it is evident that private organizations experience gender-based violence amongst the workers. To overcome these challenges, every person must be in a position to respect the rights of every member of these organizations (Bustelo, Ferguson Forest, 2016).? The government has to come up with policies that will enhance equal rights at places of work. References Arndt, J. (2017). Gender and Sexuality; A Practical Approach. S.l.: Worth Publications Baker, D., Wiseman, A. (2009). Gender, Equality and Education from International and Comparative Perspectives. Bradford: Emerald Group Publications. Bustelo, M., Ferguson, L., Forest, M. (2016). The politics of feminist knowledge transfer: Gender training and gender expertise. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Cedillo, E. (2013). Gender Policies. Ottawa: North-South Institute. Demos, V. P., Segal, M. T. (2009). Perceiving gender locally, globally, and intersectionally. Bingley: Emerald JAI. Denmark, F., Rabinowitz, V. C., Sechzer, J. A. (2016). Engendering Psychology: Women and gender revisited. London: Routledge. Freysinger, V. J. (2013). Leisure, women, and gender. State College: Venture Publications. Hellinger, M. (2015). Gender Politics; Role of Men in the Family. Amsterdam: Benjamins. Jones, O. (2016). Why Women fear being Leaders in Organizations; A critical approach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Kalaramadam, S. (2016). Gender. New York: Taylor and Francis. Kimura, M. (2016). Unfolding the comfort women debates: Modernity, violence, womens voices. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. Leonard, M. N. (2017). Gender equality and identity rights. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest. Rizwaan, M., Mantry, A. K. (2014). Gender equality and women empowerment. New Delhi: Saad Publications. Worell, J. (2002). Encyclopedia of women and gender: Sex similarities and differences and the impact of society on gender. San Diego: Academic Press.

Essay on Capital Punishment A Negative Way to Deter Crime

An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, a hand for a hand, and a foot for a foot is a well known phrase that means when someone commits a wrongdoing against another person they must be punished the same way. But how far can this statement go, should the government have rights to kill someone if a person kills another? Or does anyone have the right to sentence a person to the death penalty even if they stole grapes or killed a chicken? The death penalty may limit crime, but it is not a positive form of punishment due to the financial burdens on the government, killings of the innocent, and moral and ethical issues. The death penalty, also known as capital punishment, is the most extreme measure of all sentencing (Schmalleger 407). The†¦show more content†¦However, by the 16th Century AD, Henry VIII allowed executions once again. Nearly 72,000 people were thought to have been executed during his reign (Death Penalty). During Henry VIII reign there were different forms of executing people used. Boiling, hanging, beheading, burning at the stake and drowning were used as execution methods (Death Penalty). These executions would occur for reasons such as marrying a Jew, treason, and not confessing crimes that were committed (Death Penalty). By 1700 in Britain there were 222 different crimes that could be punished by death (Frontline). A couple of these crimes were stealing or cutting down a tree (Frontline). But for 1823-1837 the death penalty began to eliminate 100 of the crimes that could cause an execution. In 1767, Cesare Beccaria wrote an essay, On Crimes and Punishment, which discussed the fact there is no justification for the state to take someone’s life (Death Penalty). This essay resulted in abolishing the death penalty in Austria and Tuscany. After a few failed attempts the United States made progress in eliminating the death penalty. In 1794 Pennsylvania was able to repeal the death penalty and have the executions for only fir st degree murders. Early in the 1800’s states started building penitentiaries to reduce the amount of capital crimes. Michigan in 1846 had eliminated theShow MoreRelatedIs Capital Punishment Immoral? Essay1525 Words   |  7 PagesIs Capital Punishment Immoral? In a Kantian world with moral laws, capital punishment does not seem to be a theoretical solution for punishing murders. But when someone does commit murder those individuals render their rights, and henceforth would acknowledge their action with consequences, such as capital punishment. Jeffrey H. Reiman presents various arguments against the use of capital punishment with no adequate evidence of effectiveness, but I disagree. Capital punishment is a reasonableRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 Pages Why the Death Penalty is Ineffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effectiveRead MoreEnding the Death Penalty960 Words   |  4 Pagesin court to support a loved one falsely convicted of a capital offense. Against the well-prepared prosecutor, the chances of not being sentenced to death are looking slim. As the judge bangs the gavel, sealing his fate, you know he is innocent but there is nothing you can do about it. In just a few weeks, the cyanide laced air in his chamber will suffocate his breath, burn his lungs, and force him to close his eyes forever in repent for a crime he never committed. The deat h penalty is an issue in theRead MoreThe Death Penalty: The Case of Carlos DeLuna Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagescommit the crime, however, he was arrested. He even went further, he named the culprit, a violent criminal named Carlos Hernandez. However, the chief prosecutor believed that Hernandez did not exist; he was only a â€Å"figment of DeLunas imagination.† About four years later the execution of Carlos Deluna, Hernandez admitted his crime of killing Lopez. Would everything be different if Deluna was not sentenced to death, but just imprisoned? About 40% of Americans are against capital punishment, and theyRead MoreA Call to End Capital Punishment Essay example1651 Words   |  7 PagesCapital punishment is a very divisive topic in the United States and also in our home state of West Virginia. This is a topic that sparks passion within people about the equality and effectiveness of the American Judicial system. Everybody is entitled to their own opinion about this topic but the throbbing question that lingers in the air is that is it morally right? Capital punishment also known as the death penalty is the brutal ordered execution of a prisoner as a punishment for a serious crimeRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be A Type Of Corporal Punishment?844 Words   |  4 Pagesis often punishment for wrongdoing. After being told not to follow through with an action, children are often disciplined with a spanking in order to ensure that it does not happen again. When children grow up and become adults, instead of being punished for committing worse actions, they are instead given a slap on the hand and sent to a cell in an institution that provides not only food, but television as well. In order to prevent criminals from believing that committing a serious crime has no severeRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Death Penalty957 Words   |  4 Pagesdeterring crime as it did before. Although there are many claims supporting both sides still over half o f Americans are for capital punishment in some way, but what causes someone to be sentenced to death? According to the article â€Å"Against the American System of Capital Punishment† by Jack Greenberg the worst crime is, â€Å"a putative killer of one’s parent or child† (Greenberg). What makes this the worst crime? And out of the few executions are these the only people getting this punishment?   Some peopleRead MoreTheories Of The Age Of Enlightenment1026 Words   |  5 Pagesrange of inhumane acts including but not limited to being tarred and feathered, quartered, burned alive, beheaded, drowned, or stoned to death. This way of thinking and punishing offenders continued through the 1600’s until the Age of Enlightenment. It was during this time that Thomas Hobbes wrote a book proposing theories that would change the way many people think about other individuals and their actions. Thomas Hobbes’ most influential contributions to the Age of Enli ghtenment were his theoriesRead MoreThe Death Penalty Has Been Considered An Issue Since The1607 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferences in the way people view the death penalty; some oppose it and some agree with it. In the recent decades the death penalty has become a more popular controversial topic. The people who oppose the death penalty have very different reasons than people who agree with it. Death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty deters crime rates and is completely constitutional, whereas anti death penalty advocates believe that the death penalty is unconstitutional and doesn’t deter crimes. Through researchRead MoreNo More Excuses For Death Penalty Abolishment. Please Assume1532 Words   |  7 Pagesunbelievably becomes â€Å"Yes† when the topic changes to capital punishment. Over decades, advocates of death penalty persist that the â€Å"an eye for an eye† rule is justice and have misperception it effectively deters crimes. However, accor ding to the statistic and logical analysis, the death penalty should be eliminated as soon as possible, because it fails whether to be merciful to protect innocent people or to be harsh to deter crimes or as a suitable punishment. To Be Merciful The law is set up to protect

Curriculum Objectives For Academic Standards - 902 Words

Academic standards are defined as statements of what all students, teachers, and schools are expected to recognize. Content standards define the understanding and abilities that students should conquer. The content standards are relaxingly known as â€Å"what† students should know and be able to do. They specify the methods of thinking, working, communicating, reasoning, and investigating the significant and lasting concepts, subjects, and dilemmas. Content standards define what every student should be able to do. Content standards are of abundant significance. Without standards, states, school districts, and schools would not have any goals to conquer by the time of advancement to the next level in education. By corresponding standards within each grade level and subject area, all will know what instruction students should be receiving, what areas students should be educated on, and what areas they will be tested on. Instructional objectives serve as goals that educators have established in the success of a superior goal. They allow students to know what is expected of them within the class. Instructional objectives map out the directions in which teaching leads and, then, become the focus of instruction. This not only assists the focus and understanding for the teachers, but also for the students. Without instructional objectives, education is as a tumbling leaf whose endpoint is reliant on on the will of the wind. Educators will be following the unknown in order to achieveShow MoreRelatedApplication Guidelines And Procedures For How The Curriculum Is Designed, Delivered, Monitored, And Evaluated1082 Words   |  5 Pagesguidelines and procedures for how the curriculum is designed, delivered, monitored, and evaluated. At Goodwill Secondary we offer a variety of courses to suit students of varying ability. Different types of instructions are expected, in order to address the unique needs of spec ific students. This instruction will be derived from a set of curriculum skills which are common to all the students. All students will be able to access the curriculum. Curriculum: The Goodwill Secondary School is a technicalRead MoreWeek 7 Weak Curriculum Vsinadequateinst1238 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Weak Curriculum vs. Inadequate Instruction Melissa Mouradjian Grand Canyon University November 12, 2014 Donald Schielke Curriculum and inadequate instruction both have their pros and cons when it comes to the decision-making process of what works best to achieve higher level learning among students. Curriculum mainly focuses on the knowledge and skills that are important to learn where as instruction is what learning will be achieved to meet the needs of students, standardizedRead MoreTest Crt Should Be Used Rather Than Norm Referenced Tests1241 Words   |  5 Pagesthan the Norm-Referenced Tests. The learning standards and the curriculum will be discussed to help determine why the CRT should be used rather than the NRT. Also, we will take a look at the principal use of how the two methods differ by one using survey testing and the other mastery testing. I will give my informed opinion throughout the essay. The Criterion-Referenced Tests measure the performance against a fix set of predetermined learning standards. This means that there will be written descriptionsRead MoreA Brief Note On The State Of Florida1305 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-economic levels, and stages of academic achievement. The county has an estimated population of 81% Caucasian, 10% African-American, 0.7% Native American, 3.2% Asian, 0.3% Pacific Islander, and 8.5% Hispanic/Latino races. Okaloosa County Health Education curriculum objectives are aligned with the Florida Core Standards, and the Nation Health Education Standards. 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The process of developing a curriculum translates broader statements of intent in actual plans and actions. Curriculum development involves designing and developing integrated plans for teaching and learning, implementation, and the evaluation of the plants if they achieve learning objectives. Accordingly, the intention of curriculumRead MoreMajor Implications For Providing Meaningful Access For The Broad Curriculum1514 Words   |  7 Pagesproviding meaningful access to the broad curriculum involve a comprehensive approach. Proper instructional accommodations represent one piece of this picture (Elliott Thurlow, 2000). Additional elements include the arrangement when it comes to curriculum domains, time allotments and determinations about what needs to be included or excluded (Nolet McLaughlin, 2000). The five imperatives noted in the white paper allocate how equal access inhibits academic support which also describes characteristics

Training Methodology free essay sample

Points to Remember: (i) Write legibly or type your answers on A-4 size sheets. (ii) Your answer to a question should consist of not more than 500 words (iii) Write your Registration No. Name, Paper No. , and Response Sheet No. Question No. at the top of each sheet. (iv) Self-addressed and sufficient postal stamped envelop of 8† x 10† size must be sent along with response sheets – for each paper separately. (v) Answer any two questions. Questions 1. What is a ‘training need’ and how does it get recognized? 2. Discuss the various methods of training needs identification. Reference to suitable case studies may be made. 3. Discuss the various steps involved in designing training program. 4. Discuss the role of a trainer in the conduct of a training program and the logic by which he should select training aids. Question 1: What is a ‘training need’ and how does it get recognized? Answer 1: What is a Training Need? A training need is nothing but a gap between desired level of knowledge/ skill or attitude and its existing level, where an individual, department or the whole organisation is either falling short of expected performance or the organization is planning a change. There are a number of reasons for perceiving such a gap. Reasons for a Training Need. Change – The Mother of Training Need. The only permanent entity in today’s world is change. And it is happening at ever increasing speed. Inability to change is sure to lead to extinction of any organisation. The training need comes in to play either because a change has either already happened or it is likely to happen or it is intended to be caused. Change in any form and for any reason is bound to generate training needs. Types of Possible Change. The change could be either technological, environmental, legislative or manpower composition. Technological. In order to either reduce cost of the products and services or to reduce the time frame or some other resource, organizations often have to adapt a different technology than the one they currently had. Change of technology necessitates change in the methods of work, procedures and at times even policies. Prior subjecting the organization to a technological change therefore the affected employees need to be trained. Introduction of computers/ I. T. in banks and government offices in 1990s is an excellent example. In armed forces, the weapon systems, surveillance equipment and platforms that carry them get upgraded from time to time. Prior any such change however a large manpower needs to be trained. Even a commander who deploys his forces needs to be trained about strengths as well as limitations of the new technology for him to have necessary situational awareness. Environmental. Change in customer taste and habits, is the biggest environmental change. Before availability of digital technology people would print photographs they clicked. With hand held digital devices capable of stowing and displaying the photographs, the need to print diminished. For the industry involved in photo printing it was a major change. When an organisation ventures into new business or new product, the current employees may be required to be trained to meet the new competencies/ skills required. When there is a change in environment, e. g. resource availability, entry or exit of a major competitor, etc the organisation may have to change the way things are done. The whole ambit of national coastal security mechanism had to change not only the way it conducted its business but also the equipments and platforms when the 26/11 Mumbai terror attack proved that the attack could be launched in such a manner. The coastal security environment had actually changed long ago. The attack forced the powers that be to wake up to this reality and then take corrective actions. Legislative. A change in legislation, government regulations, or policies could be a game changer in many ways. The government in early 70’s promoted trawling as a recommended method for fishing. Easy finance was made available for the purpose and all regulations were aligned with this policy. Today India has a largest population of trawlers both on east as well as west coast. Trawling is now recognized as a destructive method of fishing as it is indiscriminate. It kills large quantity of marine life which is not called for. Under pressure of larger fishing associations, the government is unable to bring about a change to a better method such as line or pole fishing. It is only a question of time though, when the international community will induce pressure over government to bring about the change. Training to fishermen in new methods of fishing will thus be identified due to national or international legislation. Manpower Composition Changes. In recent past, the Coast Guard started induction of Commercial Pilot License holders to fly its aircrafts. With induction of these young and otherwise inexperienced pilots, the senior Coast Guard pilots were transferred to ships. The manpower compositions of all the squadrons changed substantially threatening flight safety. A huge training need was identified as a result. Sudden changes in manpower composition of an organization thus create training needs. The need could be felt due to below expectation performance of a department or a business unit or it could be due to role or function change. The gap could be perceived at organizational, departmental/ project or individual level. How is the Training Need Recognized? There are a number of ways in which the training need gets recognized. Some of them are as follows. Operational Failure. The last and the worst means of recognizing a training need is an operational failure of the organizational objectives such as serious loss or an accident. 1962 Attack by China, Kargil intrusion and 26/11 attack are examples of some such failures. Many serious accidents have occurred due to human error as well as material failure. The human error occurs due to prior inability of the organization to recognize an existing training need. The material failure also occurs for the same reason. It is someone’s inability to recognize the real stress vis-a-vis real strength of material. Which means that that person’s training need went unrecognized. Continuous monitoring of quality and safety issues bring out training needs and avert large and dangerous failures. When safety and quality is pushed to take a back seat, the accidents/ failures bring out the training needs! Reports and Data Crunching or Analysis of Primary Source. The monitoring of the operational situation can mainly be undertaken with regular data collection and its manipulation to provide health reports of the system. Thorough understanding of the system over a long period of time provides the experts criteria to be set for generating alarm. A tendency thus can be detected in time before it proves critical. This is one of the best ways to detect deviations (read training needs) from expected performance as it is proactive. Monthly stock taking, account closing, audit, etc are some such occasions. Some deviation could be due to say lack of discipline or due to dishonesty at some level. Though it may not fall under the conventional meaning of training, encouraging people to inculcate discipline and honesty also form part of training. Is an armed force unit not trained to be disciplined? Expert reading of routine reports thus help in recognizing training needs. The data sources that are available may include: Interviews/surveys with supervisors/managers Interviews/surveys with employees Employee performance appraisal documents Organizations strategic planning documents Organization/department operational plans Organization/department key performance indicators Customer complaints Critical incidents Product/service quality data Work Problems. As in the case of reports and data crunching, work problems when monitored and placed in correct perspective help in recognition of training needs. Frequent squabbles in the work place may be addressed with teamwork training. It could also be addressed by sending the members to a sensitivity or T Lab or a course on meditation. Work problems could also be caused by incorrect organizational structure or inability of the members to manage material or documentation or some other aspect of the work, which may bring out a training need in that particular field. Direct Observation . A faulty work method, ignorance of safety precautions or flouting of recommended procedures are often directly observed by a good supervisor and can be either addressed right then and there or the SOPs can be amended to prevent such deviations. In both cases the training need is recognized. Interviews. Interview with the stake holders from the person on job to the customer (internal or external or both internal and external) can help in recognizing the training needs. The TQM believes that the person who is doing the job know the best. Seldom is he consulted in the conventional management system. Structured Questionnaire. The structured questionnaire can also be used for recognizing training needs. The questionnaire could be filled up in person during an interview or on telephone or even as a remote exercise. Appropriate questions trigger thinking in the responder and bring out quality information provided the questionnaire is drafted effectively. Performance Evaluation. The training needs particularly for individuals can become evident on performance evaluation. They can be recognized from the succession plan or from the career plan. In many organizations, each employees manager discusses training and development needs during the final part of the performance appraisal discussion. This method suits where training needs are highly varied amongst individual employees. Typically, the manager constructs an employee Performance Development Plan in collaboration with the employee being appraised. The Plan takes into consideration: The organizations strategies and plans Agreed employee goals and targets The employees performance results The employees role description Feedback from internal/external customers and stakeholders, and The employees stated career aspirations The employees completed Performance Development Plan should document the area that requires improvement, the actual development activity, resource requirements, expected outcomes and an agreed time frame in which the development outcome will be achieved. We may find some commonality amongst individual training and development needs identified in the various performance appraisals. In this case, it may pay the organization to review and classify each of the needs and convert them into appropriate training courses (or other interventions). The next step is to prioritize their importance and aggregate the results so that we end up with a list of courses and participant numbers against each. Then negotiate a delivery schedule that fits in with managers/supervisors and employees whilst keeping an eye on the training budget. Human Resource Information System. A well designed (customized) HRIS can also help in bringing out the training needs. Induction System. In my units persons coming on transfer from another unit were interviewed during their induction to know about their competencies and weaker areas. Depending their seniority and responsibility, training needs were identified at this stage. Question 2: Discuss the various methods of training needs identification. Reference to suitable case studies may be made. Answer 2: Methods of Training Need Identification: a. Review of business objectives and identification of critical activities. b. Setting measurable performance standards, for example, measures of production efficiency or marketing success. c. Monitoring performance to identify problem areas. d. Getting feedback from customers, suppliers and other key business partners; we can consider using interviews or surveys in areas such as customer satisfaction. e. Asking employees to raise concerns and make suggestions; include discussions of training needs in employee performance management. f. Identifying any dependencies, for example, where only one employee has crucial skills or knowledge. g. Review of any legal requirements to be met such as health and safety training. h. Review any change that is planned or expected (e. g. new products, procedures or technologies), identifying potential weaknesses and problems. i. Considering how employees roles may change: for example, the plans to promote individuals and to develop new employees. j. Prioritising problem areas or areas of weakness/improvement. k. Considering how improving systems or equipment could contribute to resolving problems. l. Considering whether poor performance reflects bad management, for example, a failure to agree clear objectives and motivating employees. m. Considering whether there are unrealistic expectations given the caliber or number of employees, and if there is a need to recruit new talent or reassign roles. n. Considering whether training will be an effective solution; assessing employees willingness to learn, and preferred learning style. o. Identifying training options (e. g. job shadowing, distance learning or external training courses); setting of clear objectives for training activities. p. Implementation of a pilot training scheme and review of the outcome before rolling the programme out. q. Regularly reviewing the outcome of training to identify further training needs and to assess the effectiveness of the training-needs analysis. Cardinal rules: Do’s: Focus on critical activities Anticipate change Analyse the causes of poor performance Identify alternatives to training Review outcomes Don’ts: Assume different employees have the same needs Expect employees to achieve unrealistic goals, with or without training Ignore other factors contributing to poor performance Organise training without clear objectives Impose inappropriate training on unwilling employees Case Study: TNI method used onboard Indian Coast Guard Ship Vijaya. Indian Coast Guard Ship Vijaya Captain decided to bring in best practices onboard with an aim to improve ship’s operational efficiency very significantly. A frontline ship with deployed all along the west coast earned numerous kudos for her operational success, superior material performance and availability for operations despite being one of the oldest ships of ICG (24 years) and for maximum number of below officer rank personnel being elevated to the officers rank. She became the Best Search and rescue ship as she saved more than 120 lives in one year. Personnel who worked onboard took immense pride and those posted on sister ships jokingly called it a ‘training ship’ even though there were no trainees onboard in conventional sense. Induction System. The ship practiced what is called an induction system with two main aims – To earn commitment of the personnel and to improve their competence. The job description of each job onboard was revamped. The knowledge level required and the skill level required was well documented. During induction interview of the personnel they were asked questions pertaining to these criteria, which helped in identifying individual training needs. In addition the personnel were introduced to goal setting as the ship practiced ‘management by objectives’. Goal Setting. All the personnel were encouraged and assisted to set goals, quarterly and annual. The junior hands who did not have freedom to chose their work or its direction were asked to set only learning goals. The senior hands were asked to set learning as well as teaching goals. The two – a senior with strength in a certain area and the junior who had to master the same area became a pair to jointly meet their respective goals. Continual learning thus became part of MBO, with its progress being reviewed every month. Boarding Ops. The Coast Guard’s main task is to identify suspicious people lurking in the sea. The main method available for identifying a vessel as suspicious is to physically board it, inspect it, interrogate the crew and check her documents. This is called the boarding operation of Coast guard. Larger the number of vessels boarded, larger is the probability of finding the ‘suspicious’ vessel. This being the strategic activity, more training effort was devoted to boarding operations. Review and Implementation of Standard Operating Procedures. The ship carried out a large number of boarding operations. This required high level of legal knowledge, leadership skill, a strong team spirit, risk taking ability, quick decision making and physical agility. The time required for the boarding party to muster and to lower the boat had to be minimized. The weapons needed to be brought to higher level of readiness in quick time. The ship reviewed all the SOPs and included the maximum permissible time and target time for each evolution. Achieving these time targets became the training needs for various teams. They organized themselves and their tools and equipment in such a manner as to carry out the task in time less than stipulated. Direct Observation and Feedback. All these boarding operations were video shot from the mother ship. On return of these boarding parties they were debriefed with help of these videos. The direct observation and the video recording of it brought out many training needs related to the manner of boarding, handling of weapons, movement of troops, boat handling, etc Professional Qualification Tests. The ship’s staff was given professional qualification boards every month. The test was on pre announced topics. The results were stored in a customized software, which highlighted general areas of weakness of personnel and specific personnel who were weak in specific areas, thus identifying training need. Divisional Record Sheets. The ship’s staff is divided in divisions for better administration. Each division is headed by a divisional officer who plays a role of their leader, a father and a friend all rolled in one. The ship started a system where the divisional officer spent some private time with each of his divisional men and noted down his strengths, achievements, goals and areas needing attention. Jointly goals were reviewed and set. The system of goal setting established during induction was thus taken forward. These were best opportunities for re-identification of training needs and to review progress of training previously planned. Each man and his divisional officer as a result became aware of where he stands. The annual performance evaluation thus had no surprises. People were helped to identify meet their training needs throughout the year. Qualification Boards. Safety critical tasks were identified and listed in the ship. A board of officers conducted direct observation/ obtained feedback from the persons on job from time to time to identify training needs so also to obtain constructive suggestions for change/improvement in procedures. As a result of all this effort, the ship’s staff became highly competent and committed. The personnel excelled in all departmental/ promotion boards. Many critical operations were conducted smoothly leading to many lives being saved and many criminals being apprehended. The morale and self esteem of the personnel sky-rocketed, the team became tighter than ever, the esprit-de-corps reached levels never before achieved. The proactive training need identification and rigorous follow up action help in changing many a life.

The Natural Resource Curse

The natural resource curse affects countries with abundant natural resources. Studies done to investigate this phenomenon reveal several paradoxical issues relating the presence of natural resources in a country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Resource Curse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, countries that rely on natural resources for budgetary financing seem to have an inverse economic growth in relation to the percentage of the national budget financed using natural wealth. This paper looks at the issue of the natural resource curse with a view of uncovering why some countries suffer from it, while others do not. Natural resources refer to endowments in mineral wealth, or naturally occurring plant and animal life. Mineral wealth in this case refers to mined substances such as precious metals, gemstones, or oil wealth. Some of these resources occur near the surface of the earth. In thi s case, the resource may not require mining in the conventional sense. Timber is one of the most valuable natural resources extracted from naturally occurring forests. The worldwide demand for timber is growing mainly because of increasing control and restriction on logging by authorities concerned with the conservation of nature. To a certain extent, the presence of animals such as elephants and rhinos makes a country vulnerable to natural resource issues related to the ivory trade. However, the significance of animal related natural wealth is reducing because of greater enforcement of animal protection legislation. The natural resource curse refers to the paradoxical situation where countries endowed with natural resources tend to suffer from poor economic growth, war, and poverty, more than countries not endowed with these resources. This is counter intuitive because the presence of natural resources should mean the availability of finances to bankroll development projects in a c ountry. However, many countries that have vast amounts of natural resources tend to suffer from slow economic growth, resource wars, and disproportionate levels of corruption. Scholars present various reasons for this situation that range from corruption, to weak governance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Why Some Countries Suffer From the Natural Resource Curse There are many reasons why many countries suffer from the natural resource curse. This section examines the role of corruption, resource dependence, weak central governments, and the international business environment surrounding trade in natural resources. The nature of natural wealth is such that it is difficult to track the exact quantities produced and then delivered to markets. In addition, after the sale of the resources, it is difficult to track with accuracy the exact amount of money that eventually ends up in projects that are for the benefit of the country. Many times, governments do not control the actual mining or extraction operations of the natural resources in their territory. For instance, oil companies such as BP control mining operations in many territories around the world. This means that the governments cannot know with complete accuracy whether the quantities of oil mined by oil companies are the actual ones. It is also possible for a minister in charge of mining to collude with the company to defraud the country. Since the government trusts the minister to control and report on the operations of the company, the country ends up losing revenue. On the other end, after the mining companies extract and sell minerals in the international market, the money may not reach development projects in the country because of corruption within government. The second cause of the oil curse is resource dependence of countries endowed with natural resources. This especially affects oil-pr oducing nations. A good example is Nigeria where the country relies on oil and gas exports to fund more than eighty percent of its recurrent expenses. This overreliance on mineral wealth makes it difficult for the government to develop a sustainable tax base. Studies show that countries that do not have an effective tax net also tend to lack the capacity to address social issues in the country. Nigeria’s reliance on its oil wealth is part of the causative factors of the social challenges espoused by the conflict in the Niger Delta. In addition, Nigeria is in no position to challenge the activities of oil companies when they fail to meet environmental stipulations simply because the government relies on these companies to generate its operating revenues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Natural Resource Curse specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This situation, compared to the America for instance is appall ing. America took strong action against BP after the Deep Water horizon oil spill. America does not rely on oil in the same terms as Nigeria. Therefore, it had the liberty to enforce its laws after the spill. Thirdly, weak governments amplify the negative effects of the resource curse. A weak government does not have the capacity to address the social ills in the country. This usually comes from ineffective planning, or inconsistent implementation. Any government that cannot guarantee the territorial integrity of the country, or does not have the power to manage social order, is weak. Countries with mineral wealth also tend to have rebel groups seeking to control mineral rich areas. For instance, rebellion in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) takes place around mineral centers. No government in the DRC has gained control over the entire territory of the country. The fact that natural resources tend to occur in one region makes the resource rich areas easy targets of armed group s since they are easy to seize and control. Finally, the resource curse is a product of tilted international trading terms. For instance, OECD countries encourage the importation of raw material such as crude oil, but it discourages the importation of processed products. Importing processed products to the OECD is difficult because of a raft of tariff and non-tariff barriers. The net effect is that any country that wants to sell its natural resources to the OECD countries cannot establish a strong local manufacturing sector. The result is that the country remains dependent on the export of natural resources, while it imports equipment and finished products from its natural resource export destinations. How Countries Avoid the Natural Resource Curse Despite the strong indication that natural resources tend to bring more problems for some countries that solutions, there are examples of countries that seem to have avoided the curse. In this section, we look at three factors that contri bute to avoiding the natural resource curse. These factors are the presence of a strong central government, diversified economies, and diversified markets. Saudi Arabia is one of the largest oil producers in the world. Oil accounts for about fifty percent of its national budget, and is responsible for about ninety percent of its export revenues. As such, Saudi Arabia should be suffering from the oil curse. This is not the case. The country has one of the most stable governments in the Middle East.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It did not suffer during the Arab spring and it does not have any formidable rebel groups operating within its territory. Its only exposure is from terrorists who loath the presence of American bases in the country. This is an ideological issue, rather than a resource one. The case of Saudi Arabia shows that a strong central government can avert the resource curse. The ability of the government to maintain territorial integrity is a key part of the process of avoiding the natural resource curse. It is also instructive to note that Saudi Arabia is not a western democracy. Rather it is a monarchy. Its laws are some of the harshest in the world especially in regards to issues of social harmony. The point here is that avoiding the resource curse is not a question of the type of government in place. Rather it is a factor of how strong the government is in the management of the country. The second way in which countries can avert the natural resource curse is by diversifying their economi es. A good case in point is Dubai, which is part of the UAE. Dubai struck oil in the mid twentieth century. The rulers of the city-state soon recognized that while the oil wealth was a great resource for the country, reliance on oil was not sustainable. This led to the development of economic plans that sought to transfer the oil wealth to other sectors of the economy. The goal of this move was to diversify the economic base of the country. The result of this is that Dubai is now an international trade hub, known more for its free port that for its oil. Oil is still an important part of the economic mix of the country, but even if the oil sector collapsed, the country will still be operational. Apart from its famous free port, Dubai is becoming a financial capital, a tourism hub, and a transport hub. Emirates Airlines, which is currently one of the largest airlines in the world operates from the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Apart from the diversification of the economic base of the c ountry, the UAE makes efforts to maintain social stability by ensuring all the citizens have access to quality education and healthcare. The third pillar in the effort to avoid the natural resource curse is diversifying the markets for the primary natural wealth. Diversifying the market for a country’s natural wealth makes it possible for the country to develop other sectors of the economy, and to control the prices of the natural wealth. Instead of relying on exports to regions with many tariff and non-tariff barriers, it is better to develop new markets for finished products to create jobs locally. Kenya exports processed oil to its neighbors after importing crude from the Middle East. If Kenya had its own oil, then it would have the full benefits of oil extraction. In conclusion, the natural resource curse is not impossible to deal with. However, it takes strong leadership on the part of the country endowed with natural wealth to deal with the associated issues. In this se nse, the natural resource curse is really the product of bad leadership in the midst of abundance. Works Cited Bannon, Ian and Paul Collier. â€Å"Natural Resources and Conflict: What We Can Do.† Bannon, Ian and Paul Collier. Natural Resources and Violent Conflict: Options and Actions. Washington DC: The World Bank, 2003. 1-16. Print. Chapin, Rosemary. Social Policy for Effective Practice: A Strengths Approach. New York: Francis Taylor, 2010. Print. Deloitte. 2011 Survey of the UAE Healthcare Sector Opportunities and Challenges for Private Providers. Survey Report. London: Deloitte, 2011. Print. Mwanika, Phillip Arthur Njuguna. â€Å"Natural Resources Conflict.† ISS Paper 216 September 2010: 1-12. Print. Ross, Michaeal. â€Å"The Natural Resource Curse: How Wealth Can Make You Poor.† Bannon, Ian and Paul Collier. Natural Resources and Violent Conflicts: Options and Actions. Washington DC: World Bank, 2003. 17-42. Print. Schnurr, Matthew A and Larry A Swatuk. Na tural Resources and Social Conflict: Towards Critical Environmental Security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012. Print. This essay on The Natural Resource Curse was written and submitted by user Brooklynn K. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas

Chiquita Brands International Inc. is best known as the world’s number one distributor of banana’s, which account for more than half of its sales. For the past decade, Chiquita’s sales have dropped dramatically and the company is now on the verge of bankruptcy. Currently, Chiquita is trying to avoid filing for a Chapter 11 by attempting a major financial restructuring of their debt. There are many factors that have contributed to the company’s downward spiral, although all of these factors are linked to the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on banana imports. The European Union enacted import restrictions on banana’s in 1993, and just recently, is attempting to revise the old regime in order to comply with the World Trade Organization. The EU is preparing to introduce a new import system dubbed â€Å"first-come first-served† which they believe will be a WTO compatible system. Chiquita filed a lawsuit in January, 2001 against the European Union seeking reparations in the amount of $525 million for their losses that resulted from the old biased import system (Palmer). Chiquita is just one of many companies that were affected by this biased import regime, but some other companies still managed to work around the import restrictions. Chiquita’s rivals, Dole Food and Fresh Del Monte, although bruised as well by the European restrictions and falling banana profits, are in much better shape. Both have managed to increase their market share in Europe, largely at Chiquita’s expense (Alden). Chiquita, however, sought out and fought a political battle against the European Union with the United States government backing them. The old EU import regime was not only an issue for the companies involved, but for the United States as a whole, since it affected banana’s and other agricultural products sold in the US. The regime initially was enacted in 1993, and was later ruled in 1997 to not be in compliance with... Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas Free Essays on Chiquita Bananas Chiquita Brands International Inc. is best known as the world’s number one distributor of banana’s, which account for more than half of its sales. For the past decade, Chiquita’s sales have dropped dramatically and the company is now on the verge of bankruptcy. Currently, Chiquita is trying to avoid filing for a Chapter 11 by attempting a major financial restructuring of their debt. There are many factors that have contributed to the company’s downward spiral, although all of these factors are linked to the trade barriers imposed by the European Union on banana imports. The European Union enacted import restrictions on banana’s in 1993, and just recently, is attempting to revise the old regime in order to comply with the World Trade Organization. The EU is preparing to introduce a new import system dubbed â€Å"first-come first-served† which they believe will be a WTO compatible system. Chiquita filed a lawsuit in January, 2001 against the European Union seeking reparations in the amount of $525 million for their losses that resulted from the old biased import system (Palmer). Chiquita is just one of many companies that were affected by this biased import regime, but some other companies still managed to work around the import restrictions. Chiquita’s rivals, Dole Food and Fresh Del Monte, although bruised as well by the European restrictions and falling banana profits, are in much better shape. Both have managed to increase their market share in Europe, largely at Chiquita’s expense (Alden). Chiquita, however, sought out and fought a political battle against the European Union with the United States government backing them. The old EU import regime was not only an issue for the companies involved, but for the United States as a whole, since it affected banana’s and other agricultural products sold in the US. The regime initially was enacted in 1993, and was later ruled in 1997 to not be in compliance with...

Juvenile Detainees Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Juvenile Detainees - Research Paper Example s responsibility to ensure that the young detainees are provided with special education and psychological restoration, in order to help them regain their well-being and prevent recidivism. Correctional officers come across many unique situations in their profession, where the detainees require special attention and consideration. Cases of substance abuse, sexual abuse, children suffering from mental disorders, those belonging to minority groups and children with disabilities often come under this purview. The role of a juvenile correctional officer is probably one of the most challenging ones, requiring a strong sense of solidarity as well as sensibility towards the juvenile detainees. The responsibilities of a correctional officer extend beyond mere provision of security and supervision. The future of a juvenile detainee often depends on the actions of his/her correctional officer. Such a role can only be fully surmised when the tasks, responsibilities and the tribulations faced by an officer, in relation to the detainees assigned to him, are fully understood. The neurobiological and psychological states of children and adolescents are very fragile, especially in the case of juvenile delinquents. Most juvenile offenders are found to have psychological disorders and mental ailments, which expose them and the correctional officers to dangerous and often life threatening situations. Young detainees are found to have a higher incidence of suicidal tendencies, substance abuse and crimina l inclinations that often place correctional officers in unique situations that need to be dealt with meticulous, clever as well as humanitarian approaches. On account of their violent history, juvenile delinquents take a long time to

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) Research Paper

Saudi Arabian Oil Company (ARAMCO) - Research Paper Example Oil currently represents approximately 86% of exports down from 88% in 2003 (Ministry of Economy and Planning 2010). It has led to an improvement in the standard of living of the Saudis and has contributed to every aspect of the Saudi Economy. It has impacted positively on education and training and on the development of the country’s infrastructure. Improvement in the standard of living and the Saudi economy Oil wealth has led to a transformation of Saudi Arabia, a country that was once dependent on agriculture. The standard of living as represented by gross domestic product (GDP) has improved and continues to do so. Saudi Arabia is now recognized as an upper middle income country with per capita GDP at US$15,711 in 2005 (nation master n.d.). The country’s human development index (HDI) which is a better indicator of the standard of living stood at 0.772 in 2006 and placed it at 75th out of 178 countries in 2005 (Nation Master n.d.). The company is now a welfare state w hich indicates that it provides unemployment and other benefits including retirement to its citizens. These improvements have been driven by oil, both directly and indirectly. The industry triggered the demand for various services and products to both drive the industry and as spinoffs. Jaffe and Elass (2007) states that the petroleum sector represents 40% of the Saudi Arabia’s GDP and is therefore the cornerstone of the economy. This sector is driven by Saudi Aramco which is described by Jaffe and Elass (2007) as the most influential oil company in the world. Saudi Aramco manages 98% of the oil reserves in Saudi Arabian which represents 25% of the world’s reserves (Jaffe and Elass 2007). Between 2003 and 2010 both nominal and real GDP has grown. Real GDP calculated at 1990 prices increased from SR686.8 billion in 2003 to SR869.0 billion in 2010. The only year that experienced a decline was 2008 when it fell by less than SR1 billion. Nominal GDP grew from SR804.6 billi on in 2003 to SR1, 630 billion in 2010. Since taking over from agriculture, oil continues to be the main contributor to GDP representing a significant portion of exports. Vitalis (2007) states that in addition to building up the oil industry Saudi Aramco has also provided the expertise and support required to move the Saudi Kingdom out of its backward state by developing and modernizing its agriculture, transportation, education, and health and welfare provision. Impact on education and training Saudi ARAMCO has contributed significantly to the development of education in Saudi Arabia. According to Al Dawood (2010; qtd. in Smith 2010) a major portion of Saudi Aramco’s investment in human resources is reflected in the number of the company’s employees, (including students who are expected to work with Saudi Aramco after graduation) to study at various universities and institutions across the globe. Simpson (2000) also indicates that Saudi Aramco’s pre-university College Preparatory Program (CPP) has made annual contributions to Saudi students studying in Europe and the United States. Although fluctuating from year to year this trend has been on the increase. Despite the fact that growth in oil production has declined (Ministry of Economy & Planning 2010) the company continues to play a positive role. According to VooDooDog (2009) Saudi ARAMCO has c

Investment Property Essay Example for Free

Investment Property Essay The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting treatment for investment property and related disclosure requirements. Investment property is property (land or a building—or part of a building—or both) held (by the owner or by the lessee under a finance lease) to earn rentals or for capital appreciation or both, rather than for: (a) use in the production or supply of goods or services or for administrative purposes; or (b) sale in the ordinary course of business. A property interest that is held by a lessee under an operating lease may be classified and accounted for as investment property provided that: (a) the rest of the definition of investment property is met; (b) the operating lease is accounted for as if it were a finance lease in accordance with IAS 17 Leases; and (c) the lessee uses the fair value model set out in this Standard for the asset recognised. Investment property shall be recognised as an asset when, and only when: (a) it is probable that the future economic benefits that are associated with the investment property will flow to the entity; and (b) the cost of the investment property can be measured reliably. An investment property shall be measured initially at its cost. Transaction costs shall be included in the initial measurement. The initial cost of a property interest held under a lease and classified as an investment property shall be as prescribed for a finance lease by paragraph 20 of IAS 17, ie the asset shall be recognised at the lower of the fair value of the property and the present value of the minimum lease payments. An equivalent amount shall be recognised as a liability in accordance with that same paragraph. The Standard permits entities to choose either: (a) a fair value model, under which an investment property is measured, after initial measurement, at fair value with changes in fair value recognised in profit or loss; or (b) a cost model. The cost model is specified in IAS 16 and requires an investment property to be measured after initial measurement at depreciated cost (less any accumulated impairment losses). An entity that chooses the cost model discloses the fair value of its investment property. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. An investment property shall be derecognised (eliminated from the statement of financial position) on disposal or when the investment property is permanently withdrawn from use and no future economic benefits are expected from its disposal. Gains or losses arising from the retirement or disposal of investment property shall be determined as the difference between the net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset and shall be recognised in profit or loss (unless IAS 17 requires otherwise on a sale and leaseback) in the period of the retirement or disposal.

two different countries Essay -- essays research papers

It is said that technology is turning our world into a global village, and this is true to some extent but even now if we move from one city to another, one can feel the difference in language, culture, life style and many more. In my case I moved thousand of miles from my country, Pakistan. The differences are unimaginable. I was born in a very big house with 5 bedrooms, 2 living rooms, 2 kitchens, big lawns in front and back, servant quarters and couple of servants serving my family. This wasn’t like this because we were filthy rich or millionaires. It simply portrays a middle class home in my country. My grandmother was used to wake up before sunrise and opened all the windows and doors for fresh air, and for the voice of rooster. Then she was used to sit on a very low table with lots of colorful round pillows, directing servants what to do and peeling vegetables or cleaning rice. The house was cleaned from top to bottom everyday. For lunch a long red and white-patterned tablecloths was laid on the floor and all the ladies in home use to eat together. My mother use to make bread in a special underground oven. Men usually came home by the evening and dinner was an important event since everybody was supposed to be there for it. Things haven’t changed a lot now. I grew up in a very conservative city where girls have fewer rights and are raised with the concept that our essential goal is to get married and serve our husbands, making sure our household runs in the best way po...

Discuss the Reason of Rising of Detente During 1968-1978 Essay

Explain why failed in1980s. During 1968-1978, The tensed relations between 2 superpowers—US and USSR relaxed. Both of them tried various means to bring about peace such as closer communication and co-operations, Armament limitation etc. However, detente failed at the end of 1970s and marked the beginning of 2nd stage of cold war. There were several reasons which led to the rise of detente and the end of detente. The First reason for the rise of detente was because both superpowers were anxious to reduce the severe financial burden on military expenses. Since both sides were trying to defeat one another during cold war, they attempted in weakening another one by producing nuclear weapons. According to statistics, The military expenses almost occupied 41% of the annual total expenses of US. USSR also suffered from severe military burden. It was a heavy burden for both of them, therefore, they were willing to slow down the armament race by producing less nuclear weapns. They adopted the non-commitment policy which helped to ease international tensions in1970s. The reduction of military costs helped the rise of detente. The second reason for the rise of detente was the fear towards a nuclear war. Since tensions between them would increase the chance of the outbreak of nuclear war. They dared not to bear the risk of devastating destruction of civilization of human beings by nuclear war. As a result, they began to adopt a relatively moderate attitude towards each other instead of being rigid. This help to reduce tensions between them. The third reason for the rise of detente was because the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War. They knew that war was not a way to contain either blocs. The US paid a hude price for defending the free world against communism. The heavy casualties and expenses drove the Americans to reconsider the intervention policy towards world matters since 1947. Since America was on the verge of social revolution as a result, it adopted a more conciliatory attitude towards the communist bloc in order to prevent a nuclear war. The forth reason for the rise of detente was that USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living standard of its people. In addition detente benefited to USSR as it can increase the trade with the western countries so as to develop its own economy. This can also avoid the formation of alliance between china and America. The fifth reason for the rise of detente was the split between USSR and China since the mid 60s. At the very beginning China and USSR established a close relationship as they were both communist countries which work together to confront against US. However the criticism of Khrushchev towards the Great Leap Foorward and The criticism of Community Party of China towards the view of Khrushchev led to the split between USSR and China. After that, these two countries were hostile to one another. An armed conflict on the sino-Soviet border in1969 further damaged their relations. The split between china and USSR helped the rise of detente as US considered USSR as a less threatening foe towards its leading position in the world without the alley-china. This helped improve the relationship between the two superpowers. The sisxth reason for the rise of detente was China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, hence they would like to develop a better relation with US. The US promoted detente to keep them apart and a strategic balance of power among 3 powers was kept. Hence the tensions between the two superpowers was no longer as fierce as the 1st of cold war. The seventh reason for the rise of detente was that China broke its isolation by more contact with the west for trade and support in modernization. This help the rise of detente as Us had a new alley which made it felt that USSR was no longer as threatening as before. Unfortunately, detente failed in 1979. Firstly the failure of detente was because of the Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979. The soviet sent troops to Afghanistan in order to overthrow a pro-us government there and extend its influence to the Persian gulf for tremendous amount of oil which were supplied by the Persian gulf region. The US also needed to prevent USSR from controlling Afghanistan. This is the important turning point for detente as both of them started to compete for natural resources again and this created tension and conflicts among them. This crisis triggered off their conflicts again. For example, the US Congress refused to ratify the SALT II treaty. In addition, the Us stopped its wheat sales to the USSR, president Jimmy carter called on the international community to boycott the Olympic games held in Moscow in 1980. Secondly the failure of detente was because of soviet suppression of polish solidarity. The USSR asked the polish government to suppress the solidarity movement in Poland as it afraid that the movement would arouse the anti-soviet feelings among eastern European countries. The soviet suppression of solidarity caused the wide discontent of US and western countries as it had broken its promised of protection over human rights. The Soviet suppression of polish solidarity led to the end of detente as US responsed to the action of USSR by asking the congress for an increase in military budget in order to produced more armaments and setting up more inter-continental missiles in Europe for defence against USSR. This led to the end of detente as superpowers were no longer willing to take a moderate attitude towards each other. Their restart of armament race intensified cold war again. Thirdly, detente failed because The introduction of star wars by US. And nearly 2000 military satellites were launched in space in 1980s. The cold war intensified. To conclude, the reasons for the rise of detente were both superpowers were anxious to reduce the severe financial burden on military expenses, fear towards a nuclear war, the two superpowers had learnt lessons from Vietnam war as well as Korean War, USSR wanted to use its resources to develop homes economy and to raise the living standard of its people, the split between USSR and China since the mid 60s, China and USSR were both feared of being isolated, hence they would like to develop a better relation with US. And the failure of detente were because Soviet invasion in afghanistan in 1979, soviet suppression of polish solidarity, introduction of star wars by US.

Much Ado About Nothing

Much Ado About Nothing by William Shakespeare is a delightful comedy which plays out a number of Shakespeares best loved themes: confusion between lovers, the battle of the sexes, and the restoration of love and marriage. It also features two of Shakespeares most formidable lovers: Benedick and Beatrice. These two characters spend the majority of the play bickering and then--as in all great romantic comedies--fall in love in the final acts.Much Ado About Nothing begins in Messina, soon after the end of a war. A group of soldiers are returning, victorious. Amongst them are Don Pedro, Claudio (a handsome youth) and Benedick, who is known to be proficient both in the art of war and the art of speech. He is also a self-proclaimed woman-hater, who vows he will never settle down. Soon, Claudio falls in love with a noblemans daughter, Hero (a beautiful and quiescent young maiden), and they decide to marry. Heros elder sister, Beatrice, is unlike her sister in that she has a fast tongue. She and Benedick enjoy baiting each other as both are clever and witty.The lovers, along with the rest of Hero and Claudios wedding party, decide to bring Benedick and Beatrice together. They perceive, perhaps, that there is already a spark of love between them. By the time the wedding comes around, the two are very much in love. But love is never easy in Shakespeares plays, and on the eve of the wedding Don Pedros bastard brother, Don John, decides to break up the marriage before it begins by trying to convince Claudio that his betrothed has been unfaithful. Claudio goes on to the wedding and calls Hero a whore, disgracing her before the whole community. Beatrice and Heros father hide the poor girl, and let it be known that she has died from the shame that Claudio unfairly placed upon her. In the meantime, Don Johns henchmen are arrested by the local constable (whose malapropisms create a little comic relief) and the plot to besmirch Heros name is exposed.Claudio is wracked with grief. To make amends, he promises to marry Heros sister, Beatrice. However, when he reaches the altar and lifts his wifes veil, he finds that he is marrying the woman he thought to be dead. The wedding is made into a double celebration when Benedick and Beatrice also decide to tie the knot.The majority of the plot in Much Ado About Nothing revolves around Hero and Claudio, but Shakespeares dramatic sympathies remain very clear. Benedick and Beatrice are ever at the center of our attention. They get the most stage time, as well as the majority of the best lines. With their gentle bickering, they hope to expose the frailties not only of their opponent, but also of his or her entire gender. These interchanges are early examples of what would become the fast-paced exchanges in modern screwball comedy. With Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare also creates the first example of the romantic generic convention of the two romantic leads that love to hate each other. That they are tricked into loving each other is only possible because that love already resides in their hearts. They use their mutual animosity to cover their true feelings. Of course, Much Ado About Nothing is never simply just a romantic comedy. Rather, the play creates a lighter, more frivolous counterpart to some of his darker tragedies. For example, like Romeo and Juilet, we see a lover pretend to be dead, hoping for a Romantic reconciliation with the man to whom she is betrothed. Unlike that tragedy, however, the lover does not realize his mistake too late. The work is one of Shakespeares most serious comedies, and also one of his most human. The back-and-forth between Benedick and Beatrice, and the triumphant finale in which the divine grace of love is celebrated has had a feel-good effect on its audience down the centuries. Beautifully written, and beautiful in its conception, Much Ado About Nothing, is one of Shakespeares most delightful plays.